Title: Particles of Faith: A Catholic Guide to Navigating Science
Author: Stacy A. Trasancos
TLDR: This book guides Catholics on how to approach science with faith, addressing common questions about cosmology, evolution, and bioethics. It argues that faith illuminates scientific inquiry, revealing the beauty and order of God’s creation.
Part I: Science in the Light of Faith
Chapter 1: A Story about the Chasm
This chapter recounts Stacy Trasancos’ personal journey from a childhood filled with awe and wonder at the natural world to a career as a research chemist, where she focused solely on scientific inquiry. She describes her early fascination with biological processes like the Krebs cycle and photosynthesis, marveling at the intricate machinery of life. However, during her college years, she distanced herself from religion, embracing science as the sole source of truth. She pursued a PhD in chemistry, driven by a desire to contribute to saving the planet through nanotechnology and artificial photosynthesis.
Trasancos recounts her research at Penn State, meticulously simulating a single electron transfer in a complex assembly of molecules, aiming to mimic the efficiency of photosynthesis. Despite publishing in esteemed journals, she grappled with the vast chasm between her limited accomplishments and the effortless perfection of nature. Staring out of her lab window, she experienced a moment of metanoia, a profound shift in her perspective, as she realized the immense complexity and order of a simple Ginkgo biloba tree effortlessly carrying out photosynthesis on a grand scale.
Overwhelmed by the symphony of nature operating at the atomic level, she felt a sense of insignificance compared to the magnificence of creation. This experience, though unsettling, marked a turning point, highlighting the limitations of human knowledge and prompting a deeper questioning of the origins of this intricate order. Her scientific journey instilled humility, emphasizing the vast unknown beyond human grasp.
Trasancos’ career continued with DuPont, where she excelled in developing new spandex formulations, achieving worldly success but neglecting her personal life. Eventually, prompted by her husband’s questioning, she left her career to focus on her children and embarked on a new journey of faith, leading her to convert to Catholicism. Theology studies provided a new lens through which to view science, integrating her scientific knowledge within a larger framework of truth.
This chapter sets the stage for the book’s exploration of faith and science. It highlights the inherent limitations of science and the need for a greater framework of meaning to make sense of the mysteries of the universe. Trasancos’ personal narrative underscores the interconnectedness of faith and reason, demonstrating how science can lead to a deeper appreciation of the Creator.
Chapter 2: Analogies about How Faith and Science Relate
This chapter introduces several analogies to illustrate the complex relationship between faith and science, dispelling misconceptions and establishing a framework for productive dialogue.
The “Battleship of Scientism” analogy depicts scientism as a powerful force charging into the future, rejecting religion and claiming to hold the key to understanding the universe. This analogy highlights the dangers of blindly accepting scientific pronouncements as absolute truth and neglecting the role of faith in guiding scientific inquiry. Creationists are depicted as attempting to destroy the “battleship” with outdated weapons, while intelligent design proponents try to infiltrate it with their arguments, both failing to acknowledge the interconnectedness of faith and science.
Trasancos argues for a more balanced approach, recognizing the value of science while acknowledging the limitations of a purely materialistic worldview. She emphasizes the need for people of faith to confidently engage with science, guiding it towards progress without succumbing to the allure of scientism.
The second analogy, “An Enduring Friendship,” uses the story of two childhood friends caught in a public feud to illustrate the historical relationship between faith and science. This analogy highlights the longstanding dialogue between these two domains, emphasizing that their current disagreements are merely one chapter in a long history of fruitful interaction.
Referencing Pope John Paul II’s encyclical Fides et Ratio, Trasancos emphasizes the essential unity of faith and reason, comparing them to two wings that lift the human spirit towards truth. She argues that the perceived conflict between these two domains is a relatively recent phenomenon, stemming from the rise of scientism and the neglect of the rich historical dialogue between faith and reason.
The final analogy, “And These Thy Atoms – The Story of a Meal,” proposes a new metaphor for understanding the relationship between faith and science: the blessing of a meal. This analogy acknowledges the scientific complexity of a meal, from its preparation to its atomic composition, while recognizing it as a gift from God.
Trasancos argues that Christians can confidently engage with science, viewing the natural world as God’s handiwork and inviting others to share in this appreciation. This approach promotes a welcoming and hospitable dialogue, where faith illuminates scientific inquiry without forcing it to prove religious truths.
Chapter 3: Navigating Science in the Light of Faith
This chapter outlines a practical approach for Catholics to navigate the complexities of science in the light of faith, emphasizing the importance of starting with a firm foundation in Catholic teaching and approaching scientific inquiry with humility and curiosity.
Trasancos offers three key steps for navigating science:
- Know what the Church teaches: This involves understanding the hierarchy of truths within Catholic doctrine, distinguishing between infallible dogmas and theological opinions open to discussion. She emphasizes the importance of relying on authoritative sources like the Catechism of the Catholic Church and the writings of Church Fathers and theologians, urging caution against promoting personal opinions as official teaching.
- Begin to learn the science: This involves a lifelong commitment to engaging with scientific literature, from popular science articles to scholarly journals and textbooks. Trasancos encourages readers to approach science with curiosity, tracing a path through various layers of research and forming informed opinions. She also underscores the need for respect towards the hard work of scientists, acknowledging the challenges of conducting research and adding new knowledge to a field.
- Sort out the “system of wills”: This step involves understanding the role of free will within the natural world, integrating scientific knowledge within a broader framework that acknowledges both the prescriptive laws of nature and the intervention of free agents.
Drawing on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas and C.S. Lewis, Trasancos describes nature as a “medium” that accommodates the actions of free agents, emphasizing that miracles and human choices do not break the laws of nature but operate within a larger system of reality that includes both the natural and the supernatural. This framework allows for a harmonious understanding of faith and science, recognizing the limitations of scientific models while maintaining a belief in a divinely ordered universe.
Part II: Questions in the Physical Sciences
Chapter 4: Does the Big Bang Prove God?
This chapter delves into the complex relationship between the Big Bang theory and the Christian belief in creation, exploring the limits of science in proving theological truths while highlighting the consistency between cosmological discoveries and the biblical worldview.
The chapter begins by recounting the history of the Big Bang theory, starting with Fr. Georges Lemaître’s solution of Einstein’s equations, which led to the model of an expanding universe originating from a single point. It then addresses Pope Pius XII’s 1951 address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, where he suggested that the Big Bang provided scientific evidence for creation.
Trasancos highlights Fr. Lemaître’s caution against using scientific theories to prove theological conclusions, emphasizing the provisional nature of science. This point is further illustrated by the 2014 BICEP2 telescope findings, initially hailed as proof of cosmic inflation but later attributed to Milky Way dust, and the subsequent 2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves, which offers further support for the Big Bang theory.
The chapter delves into the distinctions between inductive and deductive proofs, arguing that while science can offer inductive evidence for a Creator, it cannot definitively prove God’s existence. Trasancos discusses the views of two Catholic scientists, Fr. Robert Spitzer and Dr. Peter Hodgson, who offer contrasting perspectives on the relationship between scientific theories and theological conclusions.
She concludes by emphasizing that the belief in creation is a matter of faith, independent of any scientific theory. While science can deepen our understanding and inspire awe and wonder, it cannot replace the foundational role of faith. The chapter underscores the importance of the biblical worldview, tracing the concept of creation ex nihilo (creation from nothing) from the Old Testament to the early Church Fathers, highlighting the consistency between this worldview and modern cosmological discoveries.
Chapter 5: Is the Atomic World the Real World?
This chapter explores the fascinating world of the atom, tracing its history from Democritus to the modern Standard Model of particle physics, emphasizing the order and symmetry present within this invisible realm and highlighting its significance within a faith-based perspective.
Trasancos delves into the journey of scientific discovery, starting with the basic concepts taught in high school chemistry, including Dalton’s atomic theory, Thomson’s discovery of the electron, Rutherford’s nuclear model, and Bohr’s planetary model. She explains the wave-particle duality of light, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and the development of Schrödinger’s wave function, introducing the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics.
The chapter then explores the more advanced concepts studied in college chemistry and physics, including the mathematics of quantum theory, electron configurations, and the periodic table. Trasancos marvels at the intricate order and predictability of the atomic world, seeing it as a testament to the Creator’s wisdom and design.
She then transitions to the Standard Model of particle physics, outlining the four fundamental forces (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational) and the classification of elementary particles. She explains the concepts of fermions and bosons, hadrons and leptons, quarks, and antiparticles, highlighting the intricate patterns and symmetries discovered within this subatomic realm.
Trasancos argues that the atomic world, though invisible to the naked eye, is the foundation of our physical reality. The intricate laws governing this realm, discovered through meticulous scientific inquiry, point towards a deeper order and design, prompting awe and wonder at the Creator’s handiwork.
Chapter 6: Does Quantum Mechanics Explain Free Will?
This chapter tackles the challenging question of free will in light of quantum mechanics, debunking the notion that quantum indeterminacy provides a scientific explanation for free will and affirming the need for a theological and philosophical understanding of this fundamental human faculty.
The chapter begins by outlining the atheistic deterministic interpretation, which argues that all events are predetermined by physical laws, leaving no room for free will. It then introduces the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which emphasizes the probabilistic nature of quantum events and is often invoked to support the existence of free will.
Trasancos clarifies the definitions of determinism and indeterminism, arguing that while quantum mechanics introduces uncertainty in our understanding of particle behavior, it does not negate the existence of prescriptive laws governing the physical realm. She emphasizes the distinction between prescriptive laws, designed by God, and our descriptive models, which are inherently limited in their ability to capture the full complexity of reality.
Drawing on the work of Fr. Stanley L. Jaki and Dr. Peter E. Hodgson, Trasancos argues that both strict physical determinism and the Copenhagen interpretation fail to adequately address the question of free will. She proposes a “middle way” that acknowledges the limitations of scientific models while maintaining a belief in a deterministic universe governed by divine laws.
This approach, consistent with the “system of wills” framework outlined in Chapter 3, recognizes free will as a spiritual power operating within the natural world, affecting matter but not breaking the laws of nature. Trasancos concludes that the explanation for free will lies beyond the domain of physics, requiring a theological and philosophical understanding of the human person as a being created in the image of God, endowed with the spiritual faculties of intellect and will.
Part III: Questions in the Biological Sciences
Chapter 7: Did We Evolve From Atoms?
This chapter addresses the challenging question of human origins, navigating the complexities of evolutionary theory while affirming the Christian belief in a divinely created universe.
The chapter begins by acknowledging the widespread public unease with the idea of human evolution, particularly the notion that humans evolved from less advanced life forms and ultimately from inanimate matter. Trasancos argues that there should be no conflict between accepting the scientific evidence for evolution and maintaining faith in a Creator. She emphasizes that evolution involves atoms, and thus, acknowledging our atomic composition implies an acceptance of our evolutionary origins.
Trasancos traces the journey of life from its chemical origins to the present day, summarizing scientific research on abiogenesis, the process by which life emerged from nonliving matter. She outlines the work of scientists like Oparin, Bernal, Miller, Urey, and Fox, who have explored various hypotheses and conducted experiments to understand the steps involved in the chemical evolution of life.
She emphasizes that while scientists have made significant progress in understanding the chemical building blocks of life and the early stages of cellular organization, there is still no complete model for abiogenesis. Despite this, she argues that scientific inquiry into the origins of life does not contradict Christian belief, as it can be seen as exploring the potentialities with which God endowed creation.
Trasancos concludes by emphasizing that the question of whether life emerged through a series of natural processes or a series of divine miracles lies beyond the scope of science. Regardless of the mechanism, she affirms that all life, including human life, ultimately originated from the atoms created by God, highlighting the consistency between the biblical account of creation and the scientific understanding of our origins.
Chapter 8: Are Creationism and Intelligent Design Correct?
This chapter critiques both young-Earth creationism and intelligent design, arguing that they fail to adequately address the relationship between faith and science.
Trasancos expresses concern over the aggressive tactics employed by young-Earth creationists, who often accuse those who accept evolution of lacking faith and promoting atheism. She challenges their claims of scientific evidence, arguing that their approach requires a rejection of mainstream scientific findings and a reliance on their own interpretations of scripture. She criticizes their tendency to promote their views as the only true Catholic position, accusing them of sowing division and confusion within the Church.
Turning to intelligent design, Trasancos critiques its claim to be a scientific theory, arguing that its focus on identifying “irreducibly complex” features of life as evidence of design relies on a subjective definition of intelligence. She challenges their distinction between nature and design, highlighting the inherent design present in the fundamental building blocks of matter, the atom and its subatomic particles.
She argues that intelligent design theorists fail to adequately address the “system of wills” framework, attempting to explain the intervention of an “unembodied designer” through speculative mechanisms like “zero-energy” events at the quantum level. Trasancos contends that these explanations are untestable and ultimately unnecessary, as the very act of creation implies design. She concludes by advocating for a holistic view of creation, recognizing that the entire universe, down to its smallest particles, exhibits evidence of God’s design and wisdom.
Chapter 9: Can a Christian Accept the Theory of Evolution?
This chapter tackles the question of whether Christians can reconcile their faith with the theory of evolution, arguing that a careful understanding of both theological dogma and scientific evidence allows for a harmonious integration of these two domains.
The chapter opens with a fictional conversation between a Christian and an evolutionary biologist, highlighting the common anxieties and misconceptions surrounding evolution. Trasancos then delves into the nuances of biblical interpretation, emphasizing the distinction between “real” and “literal” understandings of Genesis. She argues that while the creation of the universe and the special creation of humanity are essential dogmas of the Catholic faith, the specific details of how these events unfolded are open to interpretation.
Trasancos explores the concept of “immediate fashioning” as articulated by the Fourth Lateran and First Vatican Councils, explaining that while the human soul is created directly by God, the human body could have evolved from pre-existent matter. She clarifies the Church’s position on the origin of the human soul, emphasizing that each soul is created by God at the moment of conception.
The chapter then addresses the debate between polygenism and monogenism, examining the historical development of Church teaching on the origin of the human body. Trasancos highlights the ambiguity surrounding this question, noting that while Pope Pius XII argued against polygenism, later theologians have suggested that it is not inherently incompatible with Catholic doctrine.
She concludes by emphasizing the need for ongoing dialogue between science and theology, recognizing that a definitive answer to the question of human origins may remain elusive. Trasancos encourages Christians to engage with the science of evolution with an open mind, trusting in the consistency between truth revealed through faith and truth discovered through reason.
Chapter 10: When Does a Human Life Begin?
This chapter tackles the critical question of when human life begins, arguing that while science can provide evidence for the biological continuity of life from conception, the full understanding of human personhood requires faith.
Trasancos begins by highlighting the scientific consensus that fertilization marks the beginning of a new individual organism in mammalian reproduction. She critiques attempts to redefine the start of human life based on developmental milestones like gastrulation or the detection of brain waves, arguing that these proposals are scientifically flawed and ethically problematic.
She specifically addresses John Goldenring’s “brain-life theory,” which claims that human life begins only when brain activity can be detected, exposing its underlying assumptions and biases. Trasancos argues that this theory disregards the biological continuity of human development and seeks to justify abortion and embryonic research by denying the humanity of early-stage embryos.
She emphasizes the need to approach the question of human life with a clear understanding of both science and faith. While science can confirm that a zygote is a living human organism, the full appreciation of its dignity and worth requires a faith-based perspective that recognizes the inherent value of every human life created in the image of God.
Trasancos argues that the Catholic Church’s teaching that life begins at conception is a logical conclusion based on both scientific evidence and theological truths. She encourages Catholics to confidently proclaim this truth, recognizing its significance for upholding the sanctity of human life and promoting a culture of respect for the unborn.
Conclusion: Summarizing the Threes
This concluding chapter summarizes the key arguments of the book, reiterating the importance of approaching science in the light of faith.
Trasancos revisits the three key stories woven throughout the book: her personal journey of faith and science, the analogy of the dinner party with nonreligious guests, and the exploration of the atom and its implications for understanding the universe.
She then summarizes the three steps for navigating science in the light of faith: knowing what the Church teaches, beginning to learn the science, and sorting out the “system of wills.” She emphasizes the importance of starting with a firm foundation in Catholic teaching, engaging with science with an open mind, and recognizing the limitations of scientific models while maintaining a belief in a divinely ordered universe.
The chapter then reviews the answers to the key questions addressed in the book, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between inductive and deductive proofs, acknowledging the limitations of science while affirming the validity of faith, and maintaining a holistic view of creation that recognizes the interconnectedness of the physical, biological, and spiritual realms.
Trasancos concludes by emphasizing that science is a valuable tool for understanding the natural world, but it cannot provide ultimate answers to questions of meaning, purpose, and destiny. She encourages readers to embrace the beauty and wonder of science while always seeking to integrate it within a larger framework of faith, recognizing that the true fulfillment of human life lies beyond the material realm.